Gutunganya ubuso ku miyoboro y'icyuma idakora neza

Ⅰ-asideGuteka ibiryo

1.- Ibisobanuro bya aside-pickling: aside ikoreshwa mu gukuraho icyuma gipima ubushyuhe ku rugero runaka, ubushyuhe, n'umuvuduko runaka, ari byo byitwa pickling.

2.- Ishyirwa mu byiciro rya aside-pickling: Dukurikije ubwoko bwa aside, igabanyijemo aside sulfurike pickling, aside hydrochloric pickling, aside nitrike pickling, na aside hydrofluoric pickling. Hagomba gutoranywa uburyo butandukanye bwo gukaranga hashingiwe ku bikoresho by'icyuma, nko gukaranga icyuma cya karuboni hamwe na aside sulfurike na aside hydrochloric, cyangwa gukaranga icyuma kitagira umugese hamwe n'uruvange rwa aside nitrike na aside hydrofluoric.

Dukurikije imiterere y'icyuma, gigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: gukurura insinga, gukurura forging, gukurura icyuma gikurura, gukurura strip pickling, nibindi.

Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gukusanya amazi, bigabanyijemo gukusanya amazi mu kigega, gukusanya amazi mu buryo buciriritse, gukusanya amazi mu buryo burambye, no gukusanya amazi mu buryo bw'umunara.

3.- Ihame ryo gukusanya aside: Gukusanya aside ni inzira yo gukuraho ingano ya okiside y'icyuma ku buso bw'icyuma hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shimi, bityo byitwa kandi gukusanya aside y'ikinyabutabire. Ingano ya okiside y'icyuma (Fe203, Fe304, Fe0) ikorerwa ku buso bw'imiyoboro y'icyuma ni okiside y'ibanze idashonga mu mazi. Iyo yinjijwe mu gisubizo cya aside cyangwa igaterwa umuti wa aside ku buso, iyi okiside y'ibanze ishobora guhinduka mu buryo butandukanye hamwe na aside.

Bitewe n’imiterere y’ikigero cya okiside gifunguye, gifite imyenge, kandi gicitse ku buso bw’icyuma cy’imiterere ya karuboni cyangwa icyuma gito cya aloyide, hamwe no gupfunyika kenshi kwa okiside hamwe n’icyuma cya strip mu gihe cyo kugorora, kugorora umuvuduko, no gutwara ku murongo wo gucukura, iyi myenge irushaho kwiyongera no kwaguka. Kubwibyo, umuti wa aside ukorana na okiside mu buryo bwa shimi kandi unakorana na substrate y’icyuma binyuze mu myenge n’imyenge. Ni ukuvuga ko, mu ntangiriro yo koza aside, imikorere itatu ya shimi hagati ya okiside y’icyuma n’umuti wa icyuma n’aside bikorwa icyarimwe. Imiterere ya okiside y’icyuma ihura n’umuti wa aside hanyuma irashonga (gushonga). Icuma cy’icyuma gihura na aside kugira ngo kivemo gaze ya hydrogen, ikuraho imiterere ya okiside mu buryo bwa mashini (ingaruka zo gushonga k’icyuma). Hydrogen atome ikorwa igabanya okiside y’icyuma ijya kuri okiside ya ferrous ikunze kwibasirwa na aside, hanyuma igahura na aside igomba gukurwaho (kugabanya).

Ⅱ-Gukoresha imbaraga nke/Guhagarika/Guhagarika ibikorwa

1.- Ihame ry’ihindagurika ry’ibintu: Uburyo bwo kwihutisha ibintu bushobora gusobanurwa n’inyigisho ya firime nto, igaragaza ko kwihutisha ibintu biterwa n’imikoranire iri hagati y’ibyuma n’ibintu bihutisha ibintu, bigatuma firime nto cyane, nini, itwikiriye neza, kandi ifata neza ubwikorezi bw’ibintu ku buso bw’icyuma. Uru rwego rwa firime rubaho nk’icyiciro cyigenga, akenshi rukaba ari uruhurirane rw’ibyuma bihutisha ibintu. Rugira uruhare mu gutandukanya burundu icyuma n’ibikoresho bihutisha ibintu, bikabuza icyuma gukora ku bikoresho bihushya ibintu, bityo bigahagarika gushonga kw’icyuma no gukora imiterere idahinduka kugira ngo habeho ingaruka zo kurwanya ingese.

2.- Ibyiza byo kudakoresha imbaraga nyinshi:

1) Ugereranyije n'uburyo gakondo bwo gufunga ibintu, uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "passivation" bufite umwihariko wo kutyongera ubunini bw'ikintu gikorerwaho akazi no guhindura ibara, kunoza ubwiza n'agaciro k'ikintu, bigatuma imikorere yoroha;

2) Bitewe n'uko inzira yo gusohora idakora neza, ikintu gitanga ihumure gishobora kongerwamo no gukoreshwa kenshi, bigatuma ubuzima buramba kandi bigatwara amafaranga make.

3) Passivation ituma habaho filime ya ogisijeni ikoreshwa mu gutunganya imiterere ya molekile ku cyuma, ikaba nto kandi ihamye mu mikorere, kandi ikagira ingaruka zo kwisana mu kirere icyarimwe. Kubwibyo, ugereranije n'uburyo gakondo bwo gusiga amavuta arwanya ingese, filime ya passivation ikorwa na passivation irahamye kandi irwanya ingese. Ingaruka nyinshi mu urwego rwa ogisijeni zifitanye isano itaziguye cyangwa itaziguye n'inzira ya ogisijeni ikoreshwa mu bushyuhe. Mu bushyuhe bwa 800-1250 ℃, inzira ya ogisijeni yumye, ogisijeni itose, cyangwa umwuka w'amazi igira ibyiciro bitatu bihoraho. Ubwa mbere, ogisijeni iri mu kirere cy'ibidukikije yinjira mu urwego rwa ogisijeni rwakozwe, hanyuma ogisijeni ikwirakwira imbere binyuze muri silicon dioxide. Iyo igeze ku murongo wa Si02-Si, ikorana na siliconi kugira ngo ikore dioxide nshya ya siliconi. Muri ubu buryo, inzira ihoraho yo kwinjira kwa ogisijeni ibaho, bigatuma siliconi iri hafi y'umurongo ihora ihinduka silika, kandi urwego rwa ogisijeni rukura rwerekeza imbere mu ruganda rwa siliconi ku gipimo runaka.

Ⅲ-Fosfeti

Gutunganya fosfeti ni uburyo bwo gukora urwego rwa firime (fosfeti) ku buso. Uburyo bwo gutunganya fosfeti bukoreshwa cyane cyane ku buso bw'icyuma, hagamijwe gutanga firime irinda icyuma kugira ngo gitandukanye n'umwuka kandi kirinde ingese; Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'icyitegererezo ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe mbere yo gusiga irangi. Hamwe n'uru rwego rwa firime itunganya fosfeti, ishobora kunoza uburyo irangi rifatana n'ingese, kunoza imiterere y'imitako, no gutuma ubuso bw'icyuma burushaho kuba bwiza. Ishobora kandi kugira uruhare mu gusiga amavuta mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe by'icyuma bikonjesha.

Nyuma yo gutunganya fosfeti, igikoresho ntikizashiramo ingese cyangwa ngo gikoreshwe igihe kirekire, bityo uburyo bwo gutunganya fosfeti ni bwinshi cyane kandi ni uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya ubuso bw'icyuma. Bukoreshwa cyane mu nganda nk'imodoka, amato, n'inganda zikora imashini.

1.- Gushyira mu byiciro no gukoresha fosfati

Ubusanzwe, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso butanga ibara ritandukanye, ariko uburyo bwo gutunganya fosfati bushobora gushingira ku byo ukeneye mu buryo bufatika hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya fosfati kugira ngo hagaragazwe amabara atandukanye. Niyo mpamvu dukunze kubona uburyo bwo gutunganya fosfati mu ibara ry'umukara, ibara ry'umukara cyangwa iry'umweru.

Phosphating y'icyuma: nyuma yo phosphating, ubuso buzagaragaza ibara ry'umukororombya n'ubururu, bityo byitwa kandi fosifore y'amabara. Umuti wa phosphating ukoresha cyane cyane molybdate nk'ibikoresho fatizo, bizakora filime y'amabara y'umukororombya ku buso bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma, kandi ahanini ukoreshwa mu gusiga irangi ku gice cyo hasi, kugira ngo ugere ku kurwanya ingese y'ikintu kandi wongere uburyo igipfundikizo cyo hejuru gifatana.