Kuvura hejuru yimiyoboro idafite ibyuma

Ⅰ-AcideGutoragura

1.- Igisobanuro cya Acide-Gutoragura: Acide ikoreshwa mugukuraho igipimo cya oxyde ya fer ya chimique muburyo runaka, ubushyuhe, n'umuvuduko, ibyo bita gutoragura.

2.- Ibyiciro bya Acide-Gutoranya: Ukurikije ubwoko bwa acide, igabanyijemo aside acide sulfurike, gufata aside hydrochloric, gufata aside nitricike, no gufata aside hydrofluoric. Ibitangazamakuru bitandukanye bigomba gutoranywa kugirango bitorwe hashingiwe ku bikoresho byibyuma, nko gutoranya ibyuma bya karubone hamwe na aside sulfurike na aside hydrochloric, cyangwa gutora ibyuma bitagira umwanda bivanze na aside nitric na aside hydrofluoric.

Ukurikije imiterere yicyuma, igabanijwemo gufata insinga, guhimba ibyuma, gufata ibyuma, gufata ibyuma, nibindi.

Ukurikije ubwoko bwibikoresho byo gutoragura, bigabanijwemo gutoragura tanki, gutoranya igice gikomeza, gutoranya byuzuye, no gutora umunara.

3.- Ihame ryo gutoranya aside: Gutoragura aside ni inzira yo kuvana umunzani wa oxyde oxyde hejuru yicyuma ukoresheje uburyo bwa chimique, niyo mpamvu nanone bita aside aside. Umunzani wa oxyde ya fer (Fe203, Fe304, Fe0) wakozwe hejuru yimiyoboro yicyuma ni oxyde yibanze idashobora gushonga mumazi. Iyo zishizwe mumuti wa acide cyangwa zatewe umuti wa acide hejuru, iyi oxyde yibanze irashobora guhinduka murukurikirane rwimiti hamwe na aside.

Bitewe n'imiterere irekuye, yuzuye, kandi yacitsemo igipimo cya oxyde hejuru yicyuma cyubatswe na karubone cyangwa ibyuma bito bivanze, bifatanije no kugoreka inshuro nyinshi igipimo cya oxyde hamwe nicyuma cya strip mugihe cyo kugorora, kugorora impagarara, no gutwara kumurongo wa pisine, ibyo byobo byongera kwiyongera no kwaguka. Kubwibyo rero, umuti wa acide ukora hamwe nubunini bwa oxyde ya chimique kandi ikanakorana nicyuma cya substrate icyuma kinyuze mumyenge. Nukuvuga ko, mugitangira cyo gukaraba aside, reaction eshatu za chimique hagati yubunini bwa okiside yicyuma nicyuma cyicyuma hamwe nigisubizo cya acide ikorerwa icyarimwe umunzani wa okiside ya Iron oxyde ikora reaction ya chimique hamwe na acide hanyuma ugashonga (gusesekara) Icyuma cyuma gikora aside kugirango gitange gaze ya hydrogène, ikuramo imashini ya okiside (reaction yo gukuramo imashini) hydrogène ya atome ikorwa na aside irike ikagabanuka.

Ⅱ-Passivation/ Kudakora / Gukuraho

1.- Ihame rya Passivation: Uburyo bwa passivation bushobora gusobanurwa nigitekerezo cya firime yoroheje, cyerekana ko passivation iterwa no gukorana kwibyuma nibintu bya okiside, bikabyara firime yoroheje cyane, yuzuye, itwikiriye neza, kandi yerekana neza firime ya passivasi hejuru yicyuma. Uru rupapuro rwa firime rubaho nkicyiciro cyigenga, mubisanzwe uruvange rwibyuma bya okiside. Ifite uruhare mu gutandukanya burundu icyuma nigikoresho cyangirika, ikabuza icyuma guhura nikintu cyangirika, bityo ahanini kigahagarika isenyuka ryicyuma kandi kigakora leta yoroheje kugirango igere ku ngaruka zo kurwanya ruswa.

2.- Ibyiza bya passivation:

1) Ugereranije nuburyo gakondo bwo gufunga umubiri, kuvura passivation bifite ibiranga rwose kutongera umubyimba wumurimo wakazi no guhindura ibara, kunoza neza no kongerera agaciro ibicuruzwa, bigatuma ibikorwa byoroha;

2) Bitewe nuburyo budasubirwaho bwimikorere ya passivation, agent passivation irashobora kongerwaho inshuro nyinshi no gukoreshwa, bikavamo igihe kirekire kandi nigiciro cyubukungu.

3) Passivation iteza imbere ishingwa rya ogisijeni ya molekile yububiko bwa passiwasi hejuru yicyuma, ikaba yoroheje kandi ihamye mumikorere, kandi ikagira ingaruka zo kwikosora mukirere icyarimwe. Kubwibyo, ugereranije nuburyo gakondo bwo gutwikira amavuta ya antirust, firime ya passivation yakozwe na passivation irahagaze neza kandi irwanya ruswa. Inyinshi mu ngaruka zishyurwa murwego rwa oxyde zifitanye isano itaziguye cyangwa itaziguye na gahunda ya okiside yumuriro. Ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 800-1250 ℃, uburyo bwa okiside yumuriro ukoresheje ogisijeni yumye, ogisijeni itose, cyangwa imyuka y'amazi ifite ibyiciro bitatu bikomeza. Ubwa mbere, ogisijeni mu kirere cy’ibidukikije yinjira mu gice cya oxyde yakozwe, hanyuma ogisijeni ikwirakwira imbere binyuze muri dioxyde de silicon. Iyo igeze kuri interineti ya Si02-Si, ikora na silicon kugirango ikore dioxyde nshya ya silicon. Muri ubu buryo, inzira ikomeza yo gukwirakwiza ogisijeni yinjira ibaho, bigatuma silikoni yegereye intera ihora ihinduka silika, kandi igice cya oxyde gikura cyerekeza imbere muri wafer ya silicon ku kigero runaka.

Ⅲ-Fosifati

Kuvura fosifati nigisubizo cyimiti ikora urwego rwa firime (firime ya fosifati) hejuru. Uburyo bwo kuvura fosifate bukoreshwa cyane cyane hejuru yicyuma, hagamijwe gutanga firime ikingira icyuma mu kirere no kwirinda ruswa; Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka primer kubicuruzwa bimwe mbere yo gushushanya. Hamwe niyi firime ya fosifatique, irashobora kunoza kwangirika no kwangirika kwurwego rwirangi, kunoza imitako, no gutuma icyuma gisa neza. Irashobora kandi kugira uruhare rwo gusiga amavuta mubikorwa bimwe bikonje bikora.

Nyuma yo kuvura fosifati, igihangano ntigishobora okiside cyangwa ingese igihe kinini, bityo rero gukoresha imiti ya fosifati ni nini cyane kandi nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kuvura ibyuma. Irakoreshwa cyane mu nganda nk'imodoka, amato, no gukora imashini.

1.- Gutondekanya no gushyira mu bikorwa fosifati

Mubisanzwe, kuvura hejuru bizerekana ibara ritandukanye, ariko kuvura fosifati birashobora gushingira kubikenewe nyabyo ukoresheje ibintu bitandukanye bya fosifati kugirango ugaragaze amabara atandukanye. Niyo mpamvu dukunze kubona ubuvuzi bwa fosifati mu ibara, ibara, cyangwa umukara.

Fosifate y'icyuma: nyuma ya fosifati, hejuru izerekana ibara ry'umukororombya n'ubururu, bityo nanone bita fosifore y'amabara. Umuti wa fosifate ukoresha cyane cyane molybdate nkibikoresho fatizo, bizakora umukororombya wumukororombya wibara rya fosifati hejuru yibikoresho byibyuma, kandi binakoreshwa cyane cyane mugushushanya irangi ryo hasi, kugirango bigerweho no kwangirika kwangirika kwakazi no kunoza ifatizo ryubuso.